ποτήριον

The Greek term *potḗrion* refers primarily to a literal drinking cup or vessel. This is its most straightforward and frequent usage in the New Testament, appearing in contexts like the Last Supper where Jesus takes the cup (e.g., 1 Corinthians 11:25) or when describing the outward cleanliness of a cup (Luke 11:39). Beyond the literal vessel, *potḗrion* can also signify the contents within the cup, meaning a "cupful" or a "draught." This semantic range is important for understanding its metaphorical uses, as it is often the contents or the act of drinking that carries the deeper meaning.

Figuratively, *potḗrion* frequently symbolizes one's lot, destiny, or allotted experience, whether good or bad. This metaphorical usage is powerfully illustrated in Jesus' prayers in Gethsemane, where he speaks of drinking the "cup" that the Father has given him (John 18:11), referring to the suffering and death He was about to undergo. Similarly, when Jesus asks James and John if they can drink the cup that He drinks, it is a reference to sharing in His suffering and sacrifice (Mark 10:39). This usage is consistent with Old Testament imagery where a "cup" can represent divine judgment or blessing.

In ecclesial contexts, particularly within Paul's letters, *potḗrion* takes on significant theological weight in the discussion of the Lord's Supper. The "cup of blessing" (1 Corinthians 10:16) and the "cup of the Lord" (1 Corinthians 10:21; 11:27) represent participation in Christ's blood, signifying the new covenant and a sharing in His sacrifice. Paul also contrasts this with the "cup of devils," cautioning believers against participation in idolatrous practices. Furthermore, the "cup of the wrath of God" (Revelation 14:10) vividly portrays divine judgment, echoing Old Testament prophetic warnings where a cup often symbolizes God's righteous anger poured out upon the wicked.