בְּהֵמָה

The Hebrew noun *behemah* broadly designates "beast" or "cattle," encompassing various domesticated quadrupeds. Its semantic range extends from individual animals to collective herds, and it frequently appears in contexts related to animal husbandry, offerings, and the natural world. The term underscores the integral role of animals in ancient Israelite society, serving as a vital resource for sustenance, labor, and religious rituals. While often denoting animals generally, in some instances, *behemah* specifically refers to larger livestock, such as cattle, sheep, and goats, as distinguished from smaller creatures or wild animals.

In theological contexts, *behemah* highlights both the Creator’s dominion over all living things and humanity’s stewardship of the animal kingdom. Animals are depicted as part of God’s creation, subject to divine care, and are included in judgments and blessings. The sacrificial system heavily relied on *behemah*, with specific types of clean animals being prescribed for various offerings. The distinction between clean and unclean animals for ritual purposes demonstrates the nuanced understanding of *behemah* within Israelite religious life.

The term can also be used in contrast to humans, emphasizing the unique status of humanity as made in God’s image. However, humans and *behemah* are often linked together in descriptions of creation, the Noahic covenant, and divine judgment, indicating a shared experience of life and death under God’s sovereignty. The welfare of *behemah* is also a concern in Mosaic law, reflected in regulations regarding rest on the Sabbath and humane treatment.