ἔπω

The Greek verb ἔπω (epō) broadly refers to the act of speaking or saying. It is a very common and versatile verb in the New Testament, used to express a wide range of vocal and sometimes written communication. Unlike some other Greek verbs for speaking that emphasize specific aspects, such as proclaiming (κηρύσσω, kēryssō) or conversing (λαλέω, laleō), ἔπω often has a more neutral sense, focusing simply on the utterance of words. Its usage can denote simple declaration, instruction, a question, or a response.

In the Gospels, ἔπω is frequently used to introduce the words of Jesus, indicating his authoritative teaching and pronouncements. It can also describe the speech of disciples, crowds, or religious leaders, highlighting their interactions and reactions to events. The context determines whether the "saying" is a direct quote, a command, a parable, or a simple statement of fact. For instance, Jesus often "said" certain things to his disciples, conveying teachings or giving commands, as seen in passages where he instructs them or reveals truths. This verb is foundational for understanding dialogue and discourse in the New Testament.

The semantic range of ἔπω includes both conveying information and issuing directives. It can be used for both mundane conversations and profound theological statements. The prevalence of this verb underscores the importance of verbal communication in the biblical narrative, particularly in the transmission of the gospel message and the interaction between divine and human agents. Its simple yet powerful meaning allows it to serve as a primary descriptor for the act of oral expression across various contexts.