ἐπικαλέομαι

This verb carries a primary sense of "to call upon," encompassing a range of applications from seeking divine intervention to simply identifying someone by a specific name or title. In its theological usage, it frequently describes the act of prayer, worship, or an appeal to God for help and salvation. This invocation implies reliance and submission to the one being called upon. The concept of "calling on the name of the Lord" is deeply rooted in the Old Testament, where it signifies an open declaration of faith and dependence. When used in a secular context, it refers to the act of giving a surname or a descriptive title to an individual, often highlighting a characteristic or origin.

In the New Testament, to "call upon the Lord" is frequently associated with conversion and salvation, emphasizing that belief in Jesus as Lord involves actively invoking him. This practice is seen as a hallmark of true believers. The idea extends to public testimony and allegiance, distinguishing those who identify with Christ from those who do not. The emphasis is often on the verbal act of calling out, suggesting a direct and personal address to God or Christ.

The passive sense of the word, "to be called" or "surnamed," is also present, where it functions as a descriptor rather than an act of invocation. This usage provides a simple labeling or identification. The variety of its renderings in English highlights its semantic breadth, oscillating between fervent prayer and straightforward designation, always retaining the core idea of an address or attribution. This term thus bridges both the deeply spiritual and the more mundane aspects of naming and addressing.