צֹאן

The Hebrew word tsohʼn is a common noun referring to flocks of sheep and/or goats. The term is sometimes translated as "sheep" or "flock," and it designates a primary form of livestock in ancient Israel. The keeping of tsohʼn was a significant aspect of nomadic and agricultural life, providing food, clothing, and sacrificial animals. The term often appears in contexts related to pasturage, shearing, and giving birth to young, highlighting the economic and social importance of these animals to the ancient Israelites. Indeed, the narrative of Abel as a shepherd of tsohʼn in Genesis 4:2 establishes this practice as foundational to human society from its earliest stages.

Beyond its literal meaning, tsohʼn is frequently used figuratively in the Old Testament to represent people, particularly the people of Israel. This imagery emphasizes the dependence of the flock on its shepherd for guidance, protection, and provision, mirroring the relationship between God and His people. Psalms 78:52 and 79:13 are prime examples of this metaphorical usage, where the Israelites are depicted as God's flock, led and sustained by Him. The vulnerability of the flock without a shepherd underscores the need for divine leadership and care. This metaphorical usage laid the groundwork for Jesus' later pronouncements about himself as the Good Shepherd.

In sacrificial contexts, tsohʼn refers to the animals permitted for offerings, such as in Leviticus 3:6 concerning peace offerings. The purity and health of the animals were important, reflecting the reverence due to God. The abundance of tsohʼn was also considered a blessing from God, signifying prosperity and divine favor, as seen in Deuteronomy 7:13. Thus, tsohʼn encompasses both the literal animals central to daily life and a rich metaphorical tapestry depicting divine-human relationship and blessing.