פֶּשַׁע

The Hebrew noun *peshaʿ* is a significant term in the Old Testament, denoting a serious offense against God or man. It is frequently translated as "transgression," "rebellion," or "sin" in English Bibles. Unlike some other Hebrew words for sin that might emphasize error or missing a mark, *peshaʿ* inherently carries the connotation of a deliberate step over a boundary, an act of unfaithfulness, or an outright revolt. It speaks to a breach of trust and often implies a conscious choice to disobey or defy authority.

This term highlights the relational aspect of sin, indicating a breaking of the covenant relationship between God and his people. When people commit *peshaʿ*, they are not merely making a mistake; they are actively rebelling against the King. It is a severe offense that demands divine judgment and often leads to significant consequences, both for individuals and for the nation. The prophets frequently use *peshaʿ* to describe Israel’s unfaithfulness and idolatry, portraying their actions as a betrayal of their covenant with Yahweh.

Despite the gravity of *peshaʿ*, the Old Testament also presents God’s willingness to forgive such transgressions. Passages speak of God pardoning or blotting out *peshaʿ*, demonstrating his mercy and grace even in the face of blatant rebellion. This dynamic tension between the severity of rebellion and God’s capacity for forgiveness is a central theological theme associated with *peshaʿ*, underscoring God’s justice and his steadfast love. The concept is closely connected to atonement, as seen in texts that speak of a sacrifice or suffering for such offenses, pointing forward to a ultimate resolution of this profound human problem.