דָּם

The Hebrew word "dam" (דָּם) primarily denotes blood, with a wide semantic range encompassing literal blood, bloodshed, and guilt. It is consistently linked to life, as the shedding of blood results in death. This concept is foundational in understanding biblical rituals and legal statutes. The life-giving and life-taking aspects of blood are central to its theological weight within the Old Testament.

In ritual contexts, "dam" plays a crucial role in the sacrificial system. The sprinkling and applying of animal blood were central to purification, consecration, and atonement, symbolizing the giving of life back to God to cover sin. The prohibition against consuming blood further emphasizes its sacredness as the life-force of a creature. Beyond ritual, "dam" frequently signifies bloodshed and violence, often carrying connotations of guilt and the need for retribution or justice. This is evident in laws concerning murder and the concept of "bloodguilt."

The idiom "blood upon his own head" indicates responsibility for one's actions, especially regarding the shedding of innocent blood. The word can also refer to the shed blood causing defilement. Though less common, "dam" can also metaphorically represent the juice of grapes, as seen in poetic and prophetic texts. In the New Testament, the concept of blood, particularly the blood of Christ, carries forward many of these Old Testament themes, emphasizing atonement and new life through his sacrifice.