ἀρχιερεύς

The Greek term ἀρχιερεύς (archiereus) primarily designates the high priest of Israel, the chief religious authority who presided over the temple worship and the Sanhedrin. This individual held a unique position, serving as the mediator between God and the people through sacrifices and rituals, most notably on the Day of Atonement. The term is also used in a broader sense to refer to the powerful and influential members of the priestly aristocracy, often working together with scribes and elders.

In the Gospels, "chief priests" (plural) frequently appear as a group hostile to Jesus, seeking to discredit and ultimately condemn him. They are portrayed as key figures in the political and religious establishment that opposed Jesus's ministry and teachings. Their motivations often stem from a desire to maintain their authority and the established order. This opposition culminates in their involvement in Jesus's arrest, trial, and crucifixion.

The book of Hebrews develops a significant theological theme around Christ as the "great high priest." This understanding elevates Jesus's role beyond the Levitical priesthood, presenting him as a superior, eternal high priest who offered himself as the perfect sacrifice once for all. This portrayal emphasizes his ultimate authority, his sinless nature, and his permanent mediation on behalf of believers, fulfilling and surpassing the functions of the Old Testament high priest.