χωρίς

The Greek preposition *chōrís* generally denotes separation, signifying "apart from," "without," or "independent of." Its core meaning emphasizes disassociation, indicating that one thing exists or occurs in the absence of another. This term can highlight a state of being alone or an action performed without the involvement or characteristic of something else. In various contexts, it underscores a deficiency or a lack, portraying a condition where a necessary or expected element is absent.\ \ In theological contexts, *chōrís* often carries significant weight, articulating profound spiritual realities. For instance, it can describe humanity's condition "without God" or "without Christ," emphasizing a state of alienation and hopelessness (Ephesians 2:12). It is also crucial in discussions of salvation, where righteousness is presented as being "without the law" or "without works," pointing to God's grace as the sole basis for justification (Romans 3:21; 4:6). The term serves to underscore the distinctness and self-sufficiency of certain divine actions or human states. For instance, Jesus taught "without a parable," showing his customary mode of instruction (Matthew 13:34).\ \ While *chōrís* primarily functions as a preposition, its usage always maintains the sense of separation. Its semantic range is relatively narrow but significant due to the profound implications of what it separates or denotes as absent. The emphasis is consistently on an existing state of being or an action where a particular element is definitively not present, often with theological consequences for those who are in such a state.