σῶμα

The Greek word *soma* literally refers to the physical body, whether of a human being or an animal. It is used in the New Testament to describe human bodies, including the body of Jesus, both during his earthly life and after his resurrection. The term carries a wide semantic range, reflecting its fundamental role in human experience.

Beyond the literal sense, *soma* is frequently used metaphorically to describe a collective entity. The most prominent theological application of this is in Paul's epistles, where he refers to the church as the "body of Christ." This metaphor emphasizes the unity, interdependence, and diverse functions of believers within the church, with Christ as the head. It highlights how each member contributes to the overall health and mission of the church. This usage underscores the organic nature of the church as a living entity animated by Christ.

The concept of *soma* also plays a significant role in discussions of ethics and eschatology. Paul exhorts believers to present their bodies as living sacrifices, holy and pleasing to God, which is their spiritual worship. He also addresses the sanctity of the body in relation to sexual immorality, emphasizing that the body is a temple of the Holy Spirit. In eschatological contexts, *soma* refers to the resurrection body, which will be transformed and glorified, as depicted in passages discussing the future resurrection of believers and the transformation of their earthly, perishable bodies into imperishable, spiritual bodies. This shows a continuity and transformation of the body, rather than its dissolution.