Ἰσραήλ

In the New Testament, "Israel" (Ἰσραήλ) primarily refers to the descendants of Jacob, who was renamed Israel. This term encapsulates the Jewish people as a covenant community, descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. While the Old Testament frequently uses "Israel" to distinguish between the northern and southern kingdoms, or to refer to the twelve tribes, the New Testament generally employs it for the entire nation of God's chosen people. This includes both those living in Judea and those of the dispersion. The term carries significant theological weight, emphasizing God's faithfulness to his covenant promises made to the patriarchs. The identity of "Israel" becomes a central theme in discussions about salvation history, the inclusion of Gentiles, and the ultimate consummation of God's redemptive plan.

The New Testament also grapples with the concept of a spiritual Israel versus a national or ethnic Israel. Paul, in particular, explores this tension, asserting that not all who are of Israel according to the flesh are true Israel, but rather those who believe. This introduces the idea of an "Israel of God" which includes both Jewish and Gentile believers in Christ. The future of Israel is also a key eschatological concern, with prophecies regarding a future salvation and restoration for the nation. This duality highlights the complexity and richness of the term, encompassing both a historical lineage and a theological reality defined by faith.

Usage of "Israel" in the New Testament often reflects the ongoing relationship between God and his chosen people, as well as the new realities introduced by the coming of Christ. It addresses the continuity of God’s plan, yet also the transformation and expansion of His people through the gospel. The term serves as a bridge between the Old and New Covenants, illustrating how God's promises are fulfilled and broadened in Christ.