עֵץ

The Hebrew word 'ets encompasses a wide semantic range, referring primarily to a standing tree, but also to wood as a raw material, timber for construction, or an object made of wood. Its most frequent usage points to individual trees in their natural environment, often in groves or gardens, and sometimes specifically as fruit-bearing trees. The plural form can denote a forest or a collection of trees.

'Ets carries significant theological weight in the biblical narrative. From the Tree of Life and the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil in Eden to the prophetic imagery of trees flourishing by streams of water, it frequently symbolizes life, nourishment, wisdom, and God’s provision. The destruction of trees is often associated with judgment and desolation, reflecting the impact on an agricultural society. In wisdom literature, righteousness is compared to a tree planted by rivers of water, yielding fruit in its season.

Beyond its literal meaning, 'ets is also used metaphorically. For instance, wisdom itself is described as a "tree of life" (Proverbs 3:18), emphasizing its vital importance. In the context of idolatry, it refers to the wooden images or Asherah poles used in pagan worship, highlighting a stark contrast between true worship and false religion. The material "wood" from 'ets is utilized in various crafts and constructions, from building materials for the Temple to implements and weapons.