עֵז

The Hebrew word ‘êz primarily denotes a female goat, frequently rendered in English as "goat" or "she-goat." The term can also be used collectively for goats in general, and sometimes elliptically refers to "goat hair," which was a valuable material. Goats played a significant role in the daily life and economy of ancient Israel, providing milk, meat, and skins, and were therefore an important possession for families and communities. The strength attributed to the animal in the lexicon definition (as strong) likely speaks to its hardiness and ability to thrive in varied terrain.

Beyond practical uses, goats, and specifically kid goats, held considerable theological weight in the sacrificial system of ancient Israel. They were frequently prescribed for various offerings, most notably the sin offering. The offering of a goat or kid for sin underscored the need for atonement and the gravity of transgression against God. The ritual use of goats in the Tabernacle and Temple services, such as on the Day of Atonement, highlighted their symbolic role in purification and reconciliation with God.

Furthermore, goat hair was a significant material used in the construction of the Tabernacle, as seen in Exodus. This demonstrates how various parts of the animal contributed to both the practical and sacred aspects of Israelite life. The versatility of the goat—from sustaining life to serving in sacred rituals—made it a potent symbol and an integral part of the biblical narrative.