יְהוּדִי

The Hebrew term יְהוּדִי (yeh-hoo-DEE) primarily functions as a gentilic, indicating an individual originating from or belonging to Judah. Prior to the Babylonian exile, it specifically designated those from the southern kingdom of Judah, distinguishing them from the northern kingdom of Israel. However, following the exile, the term’s semantic range broadened. As the exiles, largely from Judah, returned and re-established their community, "Jew" became a comprehensive descriptor for all Israelites, regardless of their ancestral tribal affiliation. This shift reflects the historical reality where the surviving remnant often identified with the dominant tribe of Judah.

In later biblical books, such as Esther and Nehemiah, "Jew" is frequently used to refer to the entire community of God’s people in a national or ethnic sense. It highlights their distinct identity and shared heritage, especially in diaspora contexts where they maintained their religious and cultural practices amidst other nations. The term carries significant communal and religious weight, symbolizing not just an ethnic origin but also adherence to the covenant and the traditions of Israel. Notably, Mordecai is identified as a "Jew" in Esther, underscoring his membership in this distinct people group.

While occasionally used to specify a descendant of the tribe of Judah, its predominant usage in the post-exilic period emphasizes a broader, inclusive identity. It contrasts with earlier terms like "Hebrew" which focused more on linguistic and ethnic lines, or "Israelite" which could encompass all twelve tribes. "Jew" served to delineate a specific, re-formed people of God in a new historical era.