λίθος

The Greek word *lithos* primarily refers to a stone, whether a small pebble or a large rock. It is a common term used in a literal sense throughout the New Testament, appearing in descriptions of landscapes, building materials, and physical objects. Its semantic range is broad, encompassing various types and uses of stones, from those found in nature to those shaped by human hands for specific purposes. This literal understanding forms the foundation for its more significant theological applications.

Beyond its literal meaning, *lithos* takes on considerable theological weight, particularly in its metaphorical uses. It is often employed to symbolize strength, permanence, obstacle, or even judgment. A key theological concept associated with *lithos* is its connection to Christ. He is repeatedly referred to as the "cornerstone" or "head of the corner," emphasizing his foundational role in God's redemptive plan and in the building of the church. This imagery draws heavily from Old Testament prophecies, highlighting Jesus as the essential and indispensable element of God’s spiritual temple. The stone rejected by the builders becoming the cornerstone illustrates the paradoxical nature of Christ’s suffering and his ultimate exaltation.

Furthermore, *lithos* can also represent a "stumbling stone" or "rock of offense," particularly for those who reject Christ. This contrasts sharply with its positive application to believers who are called "living stones" built into a spiritual house. In this way, the same word can carry both positive and negative connotations depending on the context and the spiritual disposition of individuals. The concept of stones being able to be raised up as children of Abraham also appears, showing God's ability to work beyond human expectations and lineage. Overall, *lithos* is a versatile and significant term, contributing to both literal descriptions and profound theological metaphors in the New Testament.