κρατέω

Krateo most commonly means to take hold of, seize, or grasp. This can be understood in a literal sense, such as taking someone by the hand (Mark 1:31, 9:27). It can also describe a more forceful seizure, like laying hold of an enemy (Revelation 20:2). The semantic range extends to holding onto something securely, like the angels holding the winds (Revelation 7:1) or a believer holding fast to their faith (Revelation 2:13, 3:11).

Beyond physical grasp, krateo can refer to retaining or keeping something, such as keeping a saying in mind (Mark 9:10) or holding onto traditions (Mark 7:4). In a figurative sense, it can also signify having power over something or someone, as depicted in Revelation 2:1 where Christ holds the seven stars. This conveys authority and control.

The theological weight of krateo often centers on steadfastness and faithfulness in the face of challenges. Believers are exhorted to "hold fast" to what they have received, which implies a firm grip on truth, faith, and their spiritual inheritance. In contrast, it can also describe the power of evil being constrained, or people being prevented from understanding. The varied uses of krateo demonstrate its flexibility in describing both human action and divine authority in the biblical narrative.